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Enseignante : [[Selma Bellal]]
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Professor: [[Selma Bellal]]
  
'''Réflexions autour des concepts de violence légitime et de désobéissance civile'''
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Reflections on the concepts of legitimate violence and civil disobedience
  
Les sciences humaines et sociales sont des instruments d’objectivation du réel, qui sont confrontées  à la difficulté, comme de nombreux auteurs l’ont mis en évidence1, que le réel est lui-même une  construction sociale, produite par une certaine vision majoritaire. Des pans de la réalité,  marginalisés, échappent ainsi à cette vision majoritaire qui n’est ni neutre, ni apolitique mais le  produit de rapports conflictuels. 
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The humanities and social sciences are instruments of objectification of reality, which are confronted with the difficulty, as many authors have highlighted1, that reality is itself a social construction, produced by a certain majority vision. Marginalized parts of reality thus escape this majority vision, which is neither neutral nor apolitical, but the product of conflicting relationships. It is therefore not surprising that the human and social sciences are largely interested in these conflicting relationships.
Il n’est donc pas étonnant que les sciences humaines et sociales s’intéressent largement à ces  rapports conflictuels.
 
De nombreuses luttes pour de nouveaux droits ont d’ailleurs, historiquement, émergées d’une  remise en question des écarts entre les principes et la réalité (ex. rapports de domination qui ont pu  se développer sous couvert de certains principes juridiques; etc.). Ces écarts ont conduit à souhaiter  un progrès possible. Et ces luttes ont participé à une certaine extension de la Démocratie, rendant les notions de contre-pouvoir et de contestation indissociables de celle-ci.
 
Dans cette optique, la contestation ne devrait pas faire l’objet de répression.  Toutefois, la contestation devient problématique dès lors qu’elle recourt à la violence et/ou, qu’elle  attise l’ambiguïté entre légalité et légitimité. 
 
Différents traitements de la contestation s’entrechoquent alors et donnent lieu à diverses  représentations : 
 
-de la violence inacceptable (définition du terrorisme ; usage de la force sur la police ; bavures  policières ; destruction de biens ; …), 
 
-de la violence légitime (monopole de l’usage de la violence par l’Etat ; légitime défense ;  vigilantisme ; …), 
 
-du caractère souhaitable pour la Démocratie de la désobéissance civile, comme forme d’action  directe.
 
Partant de là, ce cours propose, cette année, de mener une réflexion critique2 autour des concepts de violence légitime et de désobéissance civile, en analysant leur construction sociale. Leurs représentations varient évidemment, dans l’espace et dans le temps ; comme en témoignent le  traitement à géométrie variable de certaines contestations (mouvements d’aide aux migrants ;  mouvements activistes de défense de l’environnement ; mouvements des squats et d’espaces auto gérés ; mouvements de décolonisation culturelle ; etc.), ou encore la criminalisation de certains  mouvements sociaux ailleurs (ex. mouvements arc en ciel en Pologne ou en Turquie; mouvement  ouvrier en Biélorussie ; …) alors qu’ils sont considérés comme vivifiants pour la Démocratie chez  nous.
 
Nous nous pencherons notamment sur des traitements divers de ces thématiques dans l’actualité  politique nationale ou internationale, ainsi que dans des contributions artistiques ; certains artistes 
 
1 Pensons notamment aux travaux de P. Bourdieu ou, à ceux de S. Harding et du « Standpoint feminisme ». 2 Reconnaissant précisément l’intérêt que chaque niveau de réalité soit étudié en lui-même et en relation aux autres, ce  cours s’inscrit dans une optique interdisciplinaire à la croisée des territoires des sciences sociales, politiques et  philosophiques.
 
  
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Many struggles for new rights have, historically, emerged from a questioning of the gaps between principles and reality (e.g. relations of domination that may have developed under the cover of certain legal principles; etc.). These discrepancies have led to a desire for possible progress. And these struggles took part in a certain extension of the Democracy, making the notions of counter-power and contestation inseparable from this one. In this perspective, protest should not be subject to repression. However, protest becomes problematic when it resorts to violence and/or when it stirs up the ambiguity between legality and legitimacy.
  
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Different treatments of protest then collide and give rise to different representations:
  
[[catégorie:Cours théoriques]]
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-unacceptable violence (definition of terrorism; use of force on the police; police blunders; destruction of property; ...),
  
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-legitimate violence (monopoly of the use of violence by the State; legitimate defense; vigilantism; ...),
  
[[catégorie:B3]]
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-the desirability for democracy of civil disobedience as a form of direct action.
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From there, this course proposes, this year, to lead a critical reflection2 around the concepts of legitimate violence and civil disobedience, by analyzing their social construction. Their representations obviously vary, in space and in time; as shown by the variable geometry treatment of certain protests (migrant aid movements; environmental activist movements; squat and self-managed space movements; cultural decolonization movements; etc.), or the criminalization of certain social movements elsewhere (e.g. rainbow movements in Poland or Turkey; labor movement in Belarus; ...), while they are considered to be invigorating for Democracy here.
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We will look at various treatments of these themes in national or international political news, as well as in artistic contributions; some artists
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1 Let us think in particular of the works of P. Bourdieu or, those of S. Harding and of the "Standpoint feminism".
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2 Recognizing precisely the interest that each level of reality be studied in itself and in relation to the others, this course is part of an interdisciplinary perspective at the crossroads of the social, political and philosophical sciences.
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[[Catégorie:B3]]
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[[Catégorie:English]]

Version du 23 avril 2021 à 13:45

Professor: Selma Bellal

Reflections on the concepts of legitimate violence and civil disobedience

The humanities and social sciences are instruments of objectification of reality, which are confronted with the difficulty, as many authors have highlighted1, that reality is itself a social construction, produced by a certain majority vision. Marginalized parts of reality thus escape this majority vision, which is neither neutral nor apolitical, but the product of conflicting relationships. It is therefore not surprising that the human and social sciences are largely interested in these conflicting relationships.

Many struggles for new rights have, historically, emerged from a questioning of the gaps between principles and reality (e.g. relations of domination that may have developed under the cover of certain legal principles; etc.). These discrepancies have led to a desire for possible progress. And these struggles took part in a certain extension of the Democracy, making the notions of counter-power and contestation inseparable from this one. In this perspective, protest should not be subject to repression. However, protest becomes problematic when it resorts to violence and/or when it stirs up the ambiguity between legality and legitimacy.

Different treatments of protest then collide and give rise to different representations:

-unacceptable violence (definition of terrorism; use of force on the police; police blunders; destruction of property; ...),

-legitimate violence (monopoly of the use of violence by the State; legitimate defense; vigilantism; ...),

-the desirability for democracy of civil disobedience as a form of direct action.

From there, this course proposes, this year, to lead a critical reflection2 around the concepts of legitimate violence and civil disobedience, by analyzing their social construction. Their representations obviously vary, in space and in time; as shown by the variable geometry treatment of certain protests (migrant aid movements; environmental activist movements; squat and self-managed space movements; cultural decolonization movements; etc.), or the criminalization of certain social movements elsewhere (e.g. rainbow movements in Poland or Turkey; labor movement in Belarus; ...), while they are considered to be invigorating for Democracy here.

We will look at various treatments of these themes in national or international political news, as well as in artistic contributions; some artists

1 Let us think in particular of the works of P. Bourdieu or, those of S. Harding and of the "Standpoint feminism".

2 Recognizing precisely the interest that each level of reality be studied in itself and in relation to the others, this course is part of an interdisciplinary perspective at the crossroads of the social, political and philosophical sciences.